Analysis

What changed between the Encyclopaedia Britannica (editions from 1768 to 1860) and today's Wikipedia, measured on our 100 scans. All numbers on this page come from saved pipeline outputs.

Coverage

100pages parsed by Parse 3.5 (8 failed calls logged)

100LaTeX documents compiled

262entries segmented

67entries matched to Wikipedia

195entries with no clear counterpart

45pages with a matched article (of 100)

87pairs compared by Super VL

treatise 23 · 12 matcheddictionary 67 · 32 matchedplate 10 · 1 matched

Why entries have no clear counterpart

rerank logit below the acceptance rules178

entry too short to judge (< 40 chars)14

entry has no searchable text3

Grouped from the match reason of each entry.

Why pages have no clear counterpart

rerank logit below the acceptance rules38

plate: vision rankers disagree6

blank page (Super VL)4

Grouped from the match reason of each page.

The cause of each uncertain page and entry (no usable text, Parse/OCR failure, obsolete or minor subject, candidate pool miss, threshold miss, other) is in docs/uncertainty.md.

Drift: what kind of change

Explore every checked claim and term pair →

Super VL 508 claims from 87 matched pairs, each with a quote from both sides checked as a substring of the source (1669 quotes kept, 66 rejected). lexical = renamed share (language change); knowledge = superseded share (fact change); coverage = dropped share + Wikipedia-only topics; orthographic = spelling edits per 100 words

enduring 218 (43%)renamed 24 (5%)superseded 67 (13%)dropped 199 (39%)

enduring: still true today · renamed: same thing, new name (change in language) · superseded: knowledge changed · dropped: Britannica claim with no counterpart in Wikipedia. Spelling edits per 100 words: 0.979. Old to new term pairs: 153. Wikipedia-only topics: 382.

Old to new term pairs 153

Britannica (1768-1860)	Wikipedia	Entry
Botnhic gulph	Gulf of Bothnia	B:1017:11
deficits	lacewings	B:1017:15
flares	serfs	B:1017:9
filters	helots	B:1017:9
femme	women	B:1017:9
legislative assembly	newspapers	B:1166:0
inflammable air	firedamp	B:1214:0
dephlogilitated air	blackdamp	B:1214:0
haunk or flaqls	shaft	B:1214:0
planet of metal	planchet	B:1250:1
laminating engine	rolling mill	B:1250:1
fleer fits	dies	B:1250:1
Nazos	Ναξία	B:1268:1
NAXIA	Naxos City	B:1268:2
lake of Naoxe	Cyclades island group	B:1268:2
kingdom of Granada	autonomous community of Aragon	B:1327:1
free of Armouth	bishopric of Avranches	B:1327:4
Demonstrate du rival and semi porti- constitutes	Demonstratio evangelica	B:1327:4
rife	common use	B:1327:8
fen	son	B:1473:0
Sandoshina	Ashurbanipal	B:1473:0
Shanghai	king	B:1473:0
Sealana	Escalade	B:1473:1
counterfeary	battlements	B:1473:1
reverentes	talus walls	B:1473:1
tenparts	tenements	B:1473:7
cry	crown	B:1473:7
Aquinat	Thomas Aquinas	B:1614:5
carpentry	timber framing	B:1680:0
wright	carpenter	B:1680:0
housewright	carpenter	B:1680:0
barnwright	carpenter	B:1680:0
joiner	finish carpenter	B:1680:0
animal economy	overall health	B:1805:5
active exercise	aerobic exercise	B:1805:5
passive exercise	static exercise	B:1805:5
animal spirits	physiological well-being	B:1805:5
gymnastic exercises	strength and resistance training	B:1805:5
pyrognostic operations	analysis of small samples	B:1818:0
carbonated hydrogen gas	mixed hydrogen and oxygen	B:1818:0
sentient beings	observers	B:1828:0
association	response-dependent property	B:1828:0
agreeable feelings	pleasure	B:1828:0
inward feelings	subjective feelings	B:1828:0
electric fire	electric charge	B:1910:0
natural electricity	electrostatic discharges	B:1910:0
prime conductor	lightning rod	B:1910:0
electrical atmosphere	electric field	B:1910:0
hilloy	Punica	B:2001:5
second Ponte	Second Punic War	B:2001:5
bay	law	B:2001:5
Nono	Nero	B:2001:5
Rje	Este	B:2171:10
polygania aqualia order	daisy family	B:2171:13
fyngeneria class	daisy family	B:2171:13
fluid	escutcheon	B:2171:4
marhalled	depiction	B:2171:4
goddels of mithief	personification of moral blindness and error	B:2171:6
Jupiter	Zeus	B:2171:6
Atlana fabule, or Atelani Inda	Atellan farce	B:2171:8
Nespolis	Nola	B:2171:8
Lucerna	Roman	B:2171:9
Alteris	Pescara	B:2171:9
batment	architectural structure	B:2250:1
fleeples	Gothic buildings	B:2250:1
abbys	ancient (typically Gothic) buildings	B:2250:1
medicinal waters	thermal waters	B:2250:3
St Am’s well	St Ann's Well	B:2250:3
mineral foam, vapoon, or finite	geothermal spring	B:2250:3
monocina terrandia elids	family Buxaceae	B:2250:4
hawk kind	birds of prey	B:2250:6
BYLAWS, or ByrŁLAWS	by-law (bye-law, by (e) law, by (e) law)	B:2250:8
friends	strands	B:2464:10
flip	ship	B:2464:5
fleerage	ship	B:2464:5
cabinets	mystery cult	B:2464:7
fests, gods	Cabeiri	B:2464:8
loft horn	callosity	B:2473:10
pattern join	fetlock	B:2473:10
tufi	feather	B:2473:10
Upper Saxony	Thuringia	B:2473:9
elckor of Menus	Electorate of Mainz	B:2473:9
ring	connection	B:251:1
cylindrical pivot	cylindrical rod	B:251:1
hybrid	frame	B:251:1
ship's ride	boat	B:251:1
tops	nautical sector	B:251:1
backache	MD	B:251:5
Wanilor Eagle	Wynford Eagle	B:251:5
Dorforth	Dorset	B:251:5
Elisban	Kaleb	B:2569:0
Mahomestants	Muslims	B:2569:0
Habessinien	Habesha	B:2569:0
insect	spider	B:261:0
genus	order	B:261:0
cabinets of curiosity	natural history societies	B:261:0
ichneumon	parasitoid wasp	B:261:0
fixed air	carbon dioxide	B:261:0
Lat-mos	Mount Latmus	B:523:5
bewenly bodies	movements of the moon	B:523:5
moo	Selene	B:523:5
Zie Grafjnaar	The Craftsman	B:560:2
Jedo	Tokyo	B:560:6
European Turkey	East Thrace	B:604:2
Exiton	Euxine Sea (Black Sea)	B:604:2
Boskolome	Bosporus	B:604:2
refrangible	refraction	B:681:0
homogeneous	geometric optics	B:681:0
MAGIC LANTERN	projector	B:681:0
Ouvus	echinus	B:713:5
arrows heads	V-shapes	B:713:5
manner's needle	compass needle	B:756:0
radiant	point source	B:851:0
imaginary focus of the incident rays	virtual image	B:851:0
centre	optical axis	B:851:0
flatclamber at Wetherden	Fotheringhay Castle	P:1284
conspiracy of Bologony	Babington Plot	P:1284
scarded	joined	P:13
boys'l away	navy	P:13
Natural philosophy	sciences	P:1422
monality	virtue	P:1422
classical learning	Greek and Latin texts	P:1422
mechanical art	practical education	P:1422
Thebes	Waset	P:1430
City of Amun	njw.t-jmn	P:1430
Sceptre nome	fourth Upper Egyptian nome	P:1430
horse in military expeditions	cavalryman	P:1649
fought on horriback	horse-mounted men	P:1649
Roman equities	Roman cavalry	P:1649
bahacion character	chivalric character	P:1649
dielpine and con-a few of war	military follower owning a war horse	P:1649
borate of soda	borax	P:1818
chelys	turtle shell	P:1904
Chilliance	Catholicism	P:2051
Haffan	Baba Mohammed ben-Osman	P:2307
bashy	Deylik	P:2307
internal fire	magma	P:247
sulphureous exalations	volcanic gases	P:247
focus of the volume	magma chamber	P:247
induicie legator	days allowed for appearance	P:2479
Hinturas	Hindustan	P:2524
manundem	Taj Mahal	P:2524
Myckling	physician	P:258
flyt of phyfeic	practice of medicine	P:258
fifathmande abby	Westminster Abbey	P:258
perfus, or alligator pear tree	avocado	P:268
Svvxxax	Laurus	P:268
alligator pear	avocado	P:268
Abyssian	Ge'ez	P:403
Chaldaic	Aramaic	P:403
musosaurs	monsoons	P:499
Hendreta	Herodotus	P:499
ENGINS for extingufliling Fires	fire engine	P:523

Super VL Scan Check Visual verification of 94 candidate drift items against cropped page scans: 15 confirmed as genuine historical changes, 79 (84.0%) caught as OCR reading errors (such as long-s ſ misread as f in fitteenth vs ſixteenth).

Confirmed historical shifts on the scan 15

Entry	Kind	Britannica (OCR / Scan)	Wikipedia	Super VL Scan Note
B:1017:11	term_pairs	Botnhic gulph Scan: Bothnic gulph	Gulf of Bothnia	The scan prints the archaic term Bothnic gulph, which is a historical name for the Gulf of Bothnia.
B:2473:10	term_pairs	loft horn Scan: loft horn	callosity	The scan prints loft horn, an 18th-century term for the ergot, which modern sources call a callosity.
B:2473:10	term_pairs	tufi Scan: tufi	feather	The scan prints the archaic spelling "tufi" for tuft, which is a genuine historical term rather than an OCR error.
B:2171:6	term_pairs	Jupiter Scan: Jupiter	Zeus	The scan prints Jupiter, the Roman name, while Wikipedia uses Zeus, the Greek equivalent, reflecting a genuine historical terminology shift.
B:2464:5	term_pairs	fleerage Scan: fleeage	ship	The scan prints the archaic term fleeage, an 18th-century spelling of flage meaning a ship's deck or upper works, not an OCR corruption of ship.
B:604:2	term_pairs	European Turkey Scan: European Turkey	East Thrace	The scan prints European Turkey, an 18th-century term for the Ottoman-held European territory now called East Thrace.
B:1910:0	term_pairs	electric fire Scan: electric fire	electric charge	The scan prints the 18th-century term electric fire, which is a genuine historical term for what is now called electric charge.
B:1910:0	term_pairs	prime conductor Scan: prime conductor	lightning rod	The scan clearly prints the historical term prime conductor, which is an older name for a lightning rod.
B:1910:0	term_pairs	electrical atmosphere Scan: electrical atmosphere	electric field	The scan prints the 18th-century term electrical atmosphere, which is a genuine historical term distinct from the modern term electric field.
B:713:1	superseded	Olney is situated nine miles South-east of Northampton. Scan: OULNEY, a market-town of Buckinghamshire, situated nine miles south-east of Northampton.	Olney, Buckinghamshire	The scan prints 'OULNEY' and 'nine miles south-east of Northampton', matching the OCR quote and differing from Wikipedia's modern '10 miles' distance.
P:258	superseded	Thomas Willis was born in Great Bedwyn, Wiltshire in 1611. Scan: was born at Great Bodwin, in WildHere, in 1611	Thomas Willis	The scan prints Great Bodwin, WildHere, and 1611, which are archaic or erroneous historical readings that differ from modern Wikipedia.
B:2473:9	superseded	Erfurt is a large and beautiful city in Upper Saxony, Germany. Scan: ERFURT, a large and beautiful city of Upper Saxony in Germany, capital of Thuringia, and subject to the elector of Mentz	Erfurt	The scan prints 'Upper Saxony' and 'capital of Thuringia', so the historical regional label is genuine, not an OCR misreading.
B:560:6	renamed	Amida is a god worshipped by the Japanese. Scan: AMIDA, a god worshipped by the Japanese	Amida	The scan prints 'AMIDA, a god worshipped by the Japanese', matching the OCR and confirming the historical claim rather than an OCR error.
P:2307	renamed	The expedition was ordered by Charles. Scan: Even ladies of birth and character attended Charles in his expedition,	Invasion of Algiers (1775)	The scan prints 'Charles' without a regnal number, while Wikipedia identifies him as Charles III, a genuine historical naming difference rather than an OCR misreading.
P:2307	renamed	The Algerian leader was named Hassan. Scan: Haffan	Invasion of Algiers (1775)	The scan prints 'Haffan' (long-s for Hassan), a genuine 18th-century spelling of the Algerian leader's name, not an OCR error.

Caught OCR illusions filtered out 79

Entry	Kind	Apparent OCR Drift	Actual Scan Reading	Super VL Scan Note
B:560:2	term_pairs	Zie Grafjnaar	The Craftsman	The scan clearly prints The Craftsman, so Zie Grafjnaar is an OCR misreading of the old-style type.
B:1327:8	term_pairs	rife	rise	The scan prints 'rise' with a long-s, which the OCR misread as 'rife'.
B:1473:7	term_pairs	tenparts	tenements	The scan clearly prints the word tenements, so the OCR reading tenparts is a misreading of the old type.
B:1473:7	term_pairs	cry	crown	The scan clearly prints 'crown' in the phrase 'fell back to the lost of the crown', so the OCR reading 'cry' is a misreading of the worn type.
B:2250:8	term_pairs	BYLAWS, or ByrŁLAWS	BY-LAWS, or BYE-LAWS	The scan prints BY-LAWS, or BYE-LAWS, so the OCR's ByrŁLAWS is a misreading of the long s and hyphenated spelling, not a genuine historical term shift.
B:251:5	term_pairs	backache	bachelor of his faculty	The scan prints "bachelor of his faculty", not "backache", so the OCR misread the word and the pair is not a genuine historical shift.
B:251:5	term_pairs	Wanilor Eagle	Winford Eagle	The scan prints Winford Eagle, so the OCR's Wanilor is a misreading and not a historical name change.
B:251:5	term_pairs	Dorforth	Dorsetshire	The scan prints Dorsetshire, not Dorforth, so the OCR misread the word and the apparent rename is false.
B:2473:10	term_pairs	pattern join	pattern-joint	The scan prints pattern-joint, not pattern join, and the OCR split the hyphenated word and dropped the hyphen.
B:2171:6	term_pairs	goddels of mithief	ATE, the goddesf of mifchief, in the Pagan theology.	The scan prints long-s as f, so OCR read goddesf as goddels and mifchief as mithief, but the actual words are goddess and mischief.
B:2171:9	term_pairs	Lucerna	ATERNUM, a town of Lucania in Italy, now Alerni, (Cluvenus): Also a town in the territory of the Piceni, now Pescara, a port-town of Naples, situated on the Adriatic. E. Long. 15. 25. N. Lat. 42. 30.	The scan prints Lucania, not Lucerna, so the OCR misread the word and created a false old-to-new term pair.
B:2171:9	term_pairs	Alteris	ATERNUM, a town of Lucania in Italy, now Alterni, (Cluvenius): also a town in the territory of the Piceni, now Pescara, a port-town of Naples, situated on the Adriatic.	The scan prints Pescara, not Alteris, so the OCR misread the entry and the apparent rename is false.
B:2171:4	term_pairs	fluid	field	The scan prints the word field, which the OCR misread as fluid, and the term escutcheon does not appear in the passage.
B:2171:4	term_pairs	marhalled	marshalled	The scan prints marshalled, so the OCR reading marhalled is a misreading, and the term is not a renamed concept.
B:2464:5	term_pairs	flip	ship	The scan prints the long-s form of ship, which the OCR misread as flip.
B:1327:4	term_pairs	free of Armouth	bishopric of Avranches	The scan prints bishopric of Avranches, so the OCR's free of Armouth is a misreading of that phrase.
B:1327:4	term_pairs	Demonstrate du rival and semi porti- constitutes	Demonstratio evangelica constitutes	The scan prints Demonstratio evangelica, and the OCR misread it as Demonstrate du rival and semi porti-.
B:2464:7	term_pairs	cabinets	cabiria	The scan prints cabiria, a festival term, not cabinets, so the OCR misread the word and created a false contrast with mystery cult.
B:2464:8	term_pairs	fests, gods	CABIRIA, festivals in honour of the cabiri, celebrated in Thebes and Lemnos, but especially in Samothracia, an island consecrated to the cabiri. All who were initiated into the mysteries of these gods, were thought to be secured thereby from storms at sea, and all other dangers.	The scan prints CABIRIA, not fests, gods, and the OCR misread long-s and other letters, corrupting the passage about the Cabeiri.
B:1910:0	term_pairs	natural electricity	natural electricity	The scan clearly prints the phrase natural electricity, so the OCR quote's mention of protons and sloos torna is a misreading, not a genuine historical term shift.
B:1473:7	superseded	Escheat occurs from the extinction of the blood of the tenant by natural or criminal means.	from the extinction of the blood of the latter by either natural or civil means	The scan prints natural and civil, not the OCR's anaural and crist, so the difference is an OCR misreading of the long s and worn letters.
B:1473:7	superseded	Escheat occurs if the tenant's blood is corrupted by attainder or felony.	if his blood was corrupted and tainted by commiſſion of treaſon or felony	The scan clearly prints the historical escheat rule about corrupted blood from treason or felony, so the OCR quote is a misreading and the claim matches the scan.
B:251:5	superseded	He died in 1695	He died in 1689	The scan clearly prints 1689, so the OCR quote of 1695 is a misreading and the historical date is unchanged.
B:713:3	superseded	The ounce is the fifteenth part of a pound avoirdupois	the sixteenth part of a pound avoirdupois	The scan prints a long-s in 'sixteenth', which the OCR misread as 'fitteenth', so the apparent difference from Wikipedia's one-sixteenth is an OCR error.
B:2171:9	superseded	Aternum is now called Alteris.	ATERNUM, a town of Lucania in Italy, now Aterni, (Cluvenus): also a town in the territory of the Piceni, now Pescara, a port-town of Naples, situated on the Adriatic. E. Long. 15. 25. N. Lat. 42. 30.	The scan prints Aterni, not Alteris, and the OCR also misread Lucania as Lucerna and Cluvenus as Chorusas, so the claimed rename is an OCR misreading.

Shared embedding topic space

259 Britannica entries and 90 matched Wikipedia articles embedded with nvidia/llama-nemotron-embed-vl-1b-v2 (2,048-d), grouped with cosine clustering and c-TF-IDF, and refined with nvidia/Nemotron-3.5-Super-VL topic labels. 69 of 91 matched pairs fall into the same cluster. Details in docs/topics.md.

Topic clusters refined by Super VL 14 clusters + 53 outliers

ID	Super VL Topic Label	Top c-TF-IDF Terms	Brit.	Wiki	Summary
00	Local Towns and Districts	{'term': 'town', 'score': 0.0327, 'count': 63} · {'term': 'local', 'score': 0.02005, 'count': 37} · {'term': 'city', 'score': 0.01987, 'count': 43} · {'term': 'district', 'score': 0.0169, 'count': 25} · {'term': 'built', 'score': 0.01676, 'count': 31}	33	9	This cluster covers geographic locations and settlements in historical and modern sources. It includes towns, cities, districts, and universities built near rivers.
01	Optics and Geometric Measurement	{'term': 'point', 'score': 0.01403, 'count': 87} · {'term': 'water', 'score': 0.01169, 'count': 73} · {'term': 'air', 'score': 0.01085, 'count': 62} · {'term': 'angle', 'score': 0.01072, 'count': 56} · {'term': 'surface', 'score': 0.01055, 'count': 57}	26	12	This cluster examines light, angles, and surfaces in physical science. It connects historical studies of optics and trigonometry with modern articles on measurement and carpentry.
02	Ancient Greek Mythology and Culture	{'term': 'greek', 'score': 0.03925, 'count': 71} · {'term': 'ancient', 'score': 0.02798, 'count': 51} · {'term': 'lyre', 'score': 0.02048, 'count': 24} · {'term': 'zeus', 'score': 0.02021, 'count': 24} · {'term': 'according', 'score': 0.02011, 'count': 36}	20	10	This cluster explores figures and concepts from ancient Greece. It includes gods, mythological characters, and terms related to Hellenistic history.
03	Natural History and Entomology	{'term': 'species', 'score': 0.06652, 'count': 49} · {'term': 'genus', 'score': 0.04939, 'count': 30} · {'term': 'museum', 'score': 0.03749, 'count': 24} · {'term': 'native', 'score': 0.03492, 'count': 24} · {'term': 'leaves', 'score': 0.03128, 'count': 19}	19	7	This cluster focuses on biological classification and natural specimens. It covers species, genera, insects, and plants found in museums and across Europe.
04	Mechanical Engines and Coinage	{'term': 'cable', 'score': 0.02695, 'count': 22} · {'term': 'engine', 'score': 0.02295, 'count': 19} · {'term': 'coin', 'score': 0.02174, 'count': 18} · {'term': 'engines', 'score': 0.0195, 'count': 15} · {'term': 'coins', 'score': 0.01933, 'count': 16}	14	9	This cluster discusses mechanical devices and currency systems. It includes engines, cables, anchors, and the process of coining money.
05	Military History and Literature	{'term': 'military', 'score': 0.01094, 'count': 37} · {'term': 'life', 'score': 0.01048, 'count': 40} · {'term': 'literature', 'score': 0.01041, 'count': 33} · {'term': 'war', 'score': 0.00943, 'count': 37} · {'term': 'roman', 'score': 0.00935, 'count': 36}	15	7	This cluster covers warfare, literary traditions, and historical periods. It connects Roman and medieval history with studies of oratory and philology.
06	Ancient Empires and Kingdoms	{'term': 'empire', 'score': 0.01824, 'count': 64} · {'term': 'city', 'score': 0.01609, 'count': 64} · {'term': 'egypt', 'score': 0.01323, 'count': 41} · {'term': 'india', 'score': 0.01305, 'count': 41} · {'term': 'ancient', 'score': 0.01303, 'count': 54}	12	8	This cluster examines historical states and civilizations across Asia and Europe. It includes Egypt, India, Thrace, and Byzantium.
07	Historical Figures and Publications	{'term': 'died', 'score': 0.02251, 'count': 35} · {'term': 'london', 'score': 0.02245, 'count': 35} · {'term': 'published', 'score': 0.02222, 'count': 35} · {'term': 'oxford', 'score': 0.02192, 'count': 30} · {'term': 'john', 'score': 0.01887, 'count': 31}	11	8	This cluster profiles notable English scholars and their works. It includes biographical details of individuals who lived in London and Oxford.
08	Physical Exercise and Beauty	{'term': 'body', 'score': 0.01879, 'count': 42} · {'term': 'beautiful', 'score': 0.01341, 'count': 23} · {'term': 'beauty', 'score': 0.01317, 'count': 22} · {'term': 'physical', 'score': 0.01264, 'count': 24} · {'term': 'objects', 'score': 0.01252, 'count': 23}	12	4	This cluster addresses physical activity and aesthetic qualities. It covers exercise, the human body, and concepts of beauty in objects.
09	English Royalty and History	{'term': 'william', 'score': 0.01778, 'count': 33} · {'term': 'king', 'score': 0.01769, 'count': 37} · {'term': 'england', 'score': 0.01659, 'count': 31} · {'term': 'country', 'score': 0.015, 'count': 30} · {'term': 'elizabeth', 'score': 0.01432, 'count': 21}	14	2	This cluster focuses on monarchs and historical events in England. It includes figures such as William, Elizabeth, and Mary.
10	Legal Rights and Political Economy	{'term': 'law', 'score': 0.0174, 'count': 46} · {'term': 'act', 'score': 0.01371, 'count': 31} · {'term': 'person', 'score': 0.01316, 'count': 31} · {'term': 'power', 'score': 0.01234, 'count': 34} · {'term': 'property', 'score': 0.01205, 'count': 27}	11	5	This cluster explores laws, property, and governmental power. It covers legal acts, liberties, and economic theories.
11	Calculation and Heraldic Achievement	{'term': 'generate', 'score': 0.20714, 'count': 11} · {'term': 'calculate', 'score': 0.2051, 'count': 10} · {'term': 'size method', 'score': 0.2051, 'count': 10} · {'term': 'achievement', 'score': 0.20243, 'count': 10} · {'term': 'cells', 'score': 0.18756, 'count': 12}	12	1	This cluster deals with methods of calculation and symbolic achievement. It includes terms related to cell size and heraldic achievements.
12	Birds and Celestial Terms	{'term': 'film', 'score': 0.14573, 'count': 20} · {'term': 'song', 'score': 0.14125, 'count': 17} · {'term': 'buzzard', 'score': 0.1175, 'count': 13} · {'term': 'hawk', 'score': 0.1175, 'count': 13} · {'term': 'endless', 'score': 0.104, 'count': 12}	2	7	This cluster connects birds of prey with astronomical and cultural terms. It includes buzzards, hawks, and references to Eridanus and Amida.
13	Hedges and Planted Trees	{'term': 'hedges', 'score': 0.04024, 'count': 24} · {'term': 'trees', 'score': 0.03547, 'count': 23} · {'term': 'feet', 'score': 0.02734, 'count': 20} · {'term': 'height', 'score': 0.02715, 'count': 17} · {'term': 'hedge', 'score': 0.02502, 'count': 14}	5	1	This cluster describes vegetative barriers and wildlife habitats. It covers hedges, trees, and their height in natural settings.

Word frequencies

259 Britannica entries (44495 tokens) vs 82 matched Wikipedia articles (91941 tokens). Method: content words (a-z, 3+ letters, stopwords removed, long s folded); log-odds z with informative Dirichlet prior, alpha = 0.01 x pooled counts.

More typical of Britannica (1768-1860)

whole8.7

kind7.3

fine7.3

great7.2

country7.2

manner6.8

feet6.7

parts6.4

equal6.3

fame6.3

let6.3

full6.2

native6.2

place6.2

quantity6.2

Bar length is the log-odds z score.

More typical of Wikipedia

century-7.9

city-7.9

lightning-7.5

beauty-6.3

light-6.1

greek-6.1

magnetic-5.7

erfurt-5.7

esarhaddon-5.6

buxton-5.6

modern-5.6

exercise-5.4

including-5.4

physical-5.3

later-5.3

Bar length is the log-odds z score.

Most frequent in Britannica

word	Brit. /10k	Wiki /10k
time	36.18	22.62
great	31.01	12.29
part	25.4	15.99
people	25.4	12.4
long	21.58	10.66
number	21.35	10.22
whole	20.23	3.05
found	20.23	12.07
body	19.55	7.94
place	19.33	6.85
even	19.33	11.53
see	19.1	7.18
parts	18.88	6.2
water	18.88	7.07
country	18.43	4.79

Most frequent in Wikipedia

word	Brit. /10k	Wiki /10k
city	7.19	31.54
century	1.12	30.35
lightning	1.12	26.54
light	8.54	25.02
king	13.48	22.95
time	36.18	22.62
new	11.01	20.23
greek	4.72	19.36
beauty	4.05	19.25
erfurt	0.22	18.82
esarhaddon	0.22	18.27
church	8.09	18.16
french	7.87	17.95
modern	4.05	16.31
ancient	8.99	15.99

Engraving plates: visual matching

Picture-only pages. Super VL describes the plate; BM25 finds candidates; Embed VL ranks them by plate image to article text cosine; Rerank VL scores the plate image against each candidate. A match needs Rerank VL and Embed VL to agree.

Plate	Super VL subject	Status	BM25 top 1	Embed VL top 1	Rerank VL top 1	logit	Reason
270	Hydrostatics	matched	Hydrostatic skeleton	Hydrostatics	Hydrostatics	-1.66	Rerank VL top 1 equals Embed VL top 1
374	blank page	no_clear_counterpart	Blank page (disambiguation)	Intentionally blank page	Blank page (disambiguation)	-1.34	Super VL reports a blank page
651	Helminthology	no_clear_counterpart	Journal of Helminthology	Helminthology	Journal of Helminthology	-2.41	Rerank VL and Embed VL disagree and the logit is below tau
948	Zoology	no_clear_counterpart	Zoology journal	Libellula	Snowy Owl (Audubon)	-3.47	Rerank VL and Embed VL disagree and the logit is below tau
1400	Midwifery	no_clear_counterpart	Oyo State College of Nursing and Midwifery	Amyoplasia	Midwife	-2.85	Rerank VL and Embed VL disagree and the logit is below tau
1615	blank page	no_clear_counterpart	Blank page (disambiguation)	Copybook (education)	Blank page (disambiguation)	-1.62	Super VL reports a blank page
1845	Colombia map	no_clear_counterpart	Unguía Fault	Joaquín Acosta	Unguía Fault	-2.32	Rerank VL and Embed VL disagree and the logit is below tau
2077	Microscope	no_clear_counterpart	Microscope (disambiguation)	Vignette (graphic design)	Commutative diagram	-2.87	Super VL reports a blank page
2209	Astronomy	no_clear_counterpart	Cultural astronomy	Celestial globe	Heliocentric astrology	-2.14	Rerank VL and Embed VL disagree and the logit is below tau
2243	Astronomy	no_clear_counterpart	Cultural astronomy	Geocentrism	Heliocentric astrology	-1.82	Rerank VL and Embed VL disagree and the logit is below tau